05 noviembre, 2013
09 noviembre, 2009
Antigeno Prostatico Especifico: inutil para el cribado de cancer de prostata
Por ende tendremos que seguir lidiando con los expertos que aparecen en la prensa de todo el mundo, e intentan convencer a la gente de hacerse estos estudios desde los 50 años.
Utilizando una cohorte grande Seuca relacionada con un registro nacional de cáncer, los investigadores compararon los valores iniciales de PSA de aquellos que desarrollaron cáncer de próstata en el curso de 7 años post escrutinio, con otros hombres de similares características que no desarrollaron cáncer de próstata. La sobreposición de los valores de PSA frustraron los esfuerzos de los investigadores de encontrar un valor que tenga alta especificidad así como una sensibilidad del 50%. Sin embargo, notaron que un valor de PSA menor de 1 ng/mL virtualmente descarta el diagnóstico durante el período de seguimiento.
Debido a los resultados de este estudio, se podría decir que los datos sobre los costos y beneficios de las pruebas de PSA permanecen insuficientes para apoyar el escrutinio masivo.
Referencia: Benny Holmström, et al. Prostate specific antigen for early detection of prostate cancer: longitudinal study. BMJ. Septiembre 2009;339:b3537.
Antigeno Prostatico Especifico: inutil para el cribado de cancer de prostata
Por ende tendremos que seguir lidiando con los expertos que aparecen en la prensa de todo el mundo, e intentan convencer a la gente de hacerse estos estudios desde los 50 años.
Utilizando una cohorte grande Seuca relacionada con un registro nacional de cáncer, los investigadores compararon los valores iniciales de PSA de aquellos que desarrollaron cáncer de próstata en el curso de 7 años post escrutinio, con otros hombres de similares características que no desarrollaron cáncer de próstata. La sobreposición de los valores de PSA frustraron los esfuerzos de los investigadores de encontrar un valor que tenga alta especificidad así como una sensibilidad del 50%. Sin embargo, notaron que un valor de PSA menor de 1 ng/mL virtualmente descarta el diagnóstico durante el período de seguimiento.
Debido a los resultados de este estudio, se podría decir que los datos sobre los costos y beneficios de las pruebas de PSA permanecen insuficientes para apoyar el escrutinio masivo.
Referencia: Benny Holmström, et al. Prostate specific antigen for early detection of prostate cancer: longitudinal study. BMJ. Septiembre 2009;339:b3537.
20 junio, 2009
Efectividad del Oseltamivir
Resumen en términos sencillos
Inhibidores de la neuraminidasa para la prevención y el tratamiento de la gripe en niños
La gripe es una infección de las vías respiratorias causada por un virus. La infección se puede tratar con los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa (zanamivir y oseltamivir), un grupo de fármacos contra la gripe. Esta revisión encontró que ambos fármacos redujeron en alrededor de un día la duración de la enfermedad en niños anteriormente sanos. El oseltamivir también previno las complicaciones de la gripe, en particular las infecciones del oído. Se necesita más investigación para determinar si los fármacos son también útiles para: los niños "en riesgo" (con un trastorno médico preexistente); y la prevención (en lugar del tratamiento) de la gripe en niños. Ningún fármaco causó efectos secundarios graves.
Éste es el resumen de una revisión Cochrane traducida. La Colaboración Cochrane prepara y actualiza estas revisiones sistemáticas. El texto completo de la revisión traducida se publica en La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus (ISSN 1745-9990). De La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, número 3, 2008. Oxford, Update Software Ltd. Todos los derechos están reservados.
Fecha de la modificación significativa más reciente: 13 de abril de 2005
Resumen
Antecedentes
Durante los años de epidemia, las tasas de ataque de gripe en los niños superan el 40%. Las opciones para la prevención y el tratamiento incluyen los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa: zanamivir y oseltamivir.
Objectivos
El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la eficacia, la seguridad y la tolerabilidad de los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa para el tratamiento y la prevención de la infección por influenza en niños.
Estrategia de búsqueda
Se hicieron búsquedas en el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library número 1, 2005); MEDLINE (1966 hasta abril 2005); EMBASE (enero 1980 hasta diciembre 2004); el on-line GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register; el on-line Roche Clinical Trial Protocol Registry y Clinical Trial Results Database (agosto 2005); y en las listas de referencias de artículos. También se buscó en los sitios web de los organismos regulatorios de los EE.UU. y Europa y se estableció contacto con los fabricantes y los autores.
Criterios de selección
Ensayos controlados aleatorios doble ciegos que compararon inhibidores de la neuraminidasa con placebo u otros fármacos antivirales en niños menores de 12 años de edad. También se incluyeron datos adicionales sobre seguridad y tolerabilidad provenientes de otras fuentes.
Recopilación y análisis de datos
Cuatro autores aplicaron los criterios de inclusión a los estudios recuperados, evaluaron la calidad de los ensayos y extrajeron los datos. Los datos de oseltamivir y zanamivir se analizaron por separado.
Resultados principales
Se incluyeron tres ensayos que presentaron datos de 1 500 niños con una definición clínica de caso de gripe, de los cuales 977 presentaron infección por el virus influenza confirmada por el laboratorio. En términos generales, la calidad de los ensayos fue buena. El oseltamivir disminuyó la mediana de la duración de la enfermedad en un 26% (36 horas) en niños anteriormente sanos con gripe confirmada por el laboratorio (p < p =" 0,54)." p =" 0,089).">
Conclusiones de los revisores
Los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa son efectivos para acortar la duración de la enfermedad en niños sanos con gripe, pero la eficacia en niños "en riesgo" todavía no ha sido probada. El oseltamivir también es efectivo para disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones secundarias y puede ser efectivo para la profilaxis de la gripe.
27 marzo, 2009
Tratamientos no efectivos en casos de infertilidad de etiologia desconocida
Two Widely Used Infertility Treatments Fail in Study
A new study calls into question the use of two common infertility treatments for couples who have unexplained problems having children.
Doctors in Scotland tested a drug that stimulates ovulation and artificial insemination against doing nothing in couples who had no obvious reasons for their inability to conceive.
Among the three groups, researchers found little difference in the numbers of couples who had babies. The study was published Friday in the British Medical Journal.
''These treatments are a leap of faith,'' said Dr. Siladitya Bhattacharya, a professor of reproductive medicine at the University of Aberdeen and the study's lead author. ''None of the treatments studied had any significant benefit over no treatment at all.''
Infertility affects about one in seven couples. Doctors usually try fertility pills or artificial insemination before moving on to more complicated and expensive techniques like in-vitro fertilization. Bhattacharya said that he and the five study centers no longer offer the two tested treatments for unexplained infertility problems.
A third of the 580 couples in the study were simply counseled on the need to have regular sex. Another group got clomifene citrate, which stimulates the ovaries to release eggs. It is sold as Clomid, Serophene, and Milophene, among other names.
For the third group, doctors performed artificial insemination, injecting sperm into the womb using a syringe.
Fuente: NYT – 9 de Agosto 2008.
Women who were pregnant after six months were then monitored until they gave birth.
In the no treatment group, 32 couples had babies. That compares to 26 babies for the women who took fertility pills and 43 for those who had artificial insemination. Experts said the slight differences were not statistically significant.
''It's not in the realm that you would expect it to be if these interventions were really performing,'' said Allan Pacey, of the University of Sheffield and secretary of the British Fertility Society. He was not linked to the study.
Still, Pacey said that artificial insemination was still useful in certain situations, such as when donor sperm is used.
Fertility drugs like clomifene have long been shown to work in women who have difficulties ovulating. Side effects include nausea, headaches, and hot flashes. It also increases the chance of having twins.
Tratamientos no efectivos en casos de infertilidad de etiologia desconocida
Two Widely Used Infertility Treatments Fail in Study
A new study calls into question the use of two common infertility treatments for couples who have unexplained problems having children.
Doctors in Scotland tested a drug that stimulates ovulation and artificial insemination against doing nothing in couples who had no obvious reasons for their inability to conceive.
Among the three groups, researchers found little difference in the numbers of couples who had babies. The study was published Friday in the British Medical Journal.
''These treatments are a leap of faith,'' said Dr. Siladitya Bhattacharya, a professor of reproductive medicine at the University of Aberdeen and the study's lead author. ''None of the treatments studied had any significant benefit over no treatment at all.''
Infertility affects about one in seven couples. Doctors usually try fertility pills or artificial insemination before moving on to more complicated and expensive techniques like in-vitro fertilization. Bhattacharya said that he and the five study centers no longer offer the two tested treatments for unexplained infertility problems.
A third of the 580 couples in the study were simply counseled on the need to have regular sex. Another group got clomifene citrate, which stimulates the ovaries to release eggs. It is sold as Clomid, Serophene, and Milophene, among other names.
For the third group, doctors performed artificial insemination, injecting sperm into the womb using a syringe.
Fuente: NYT – 9 de Agosto 2008.
Women who were pregnant after six months were then monitored until they gave birth.
In the no treatment group, 32 couples had babies. That compares to 26 babies for the women who took fertility pills and 43 for those who had artificial insemination. Experts said the slight differences were not statistically significant.
''It's not in the realm that you would expect it to be if these interventions were really performing,'' said Allan Pacey, of the University of Sheffield and secretary of the British Fertility Society. He was not linked to the study.
Still, Pacey said that artificial insemination was still useful in certain situations, such as when donor sperm is used.
Fertility drugs like clomifene have long been shown to work in women who have difficulties ovulating. Side effects include nausea, headaches, and hot flashes. It also increases the chance of having twins.
10 enero, 2009
Terapia de Reemplazo Hormonal
La terapia hormonal de reemplazo no debe ser utilizada rutinariamente para prevenir enfermedades cronicas en mujeres postmenopausicas.
Clinical question When should hormone replacement therapy be used in postmenopausal women?
Bottom line Estrogen/progestin therapy should not routinely be used to prevent chronic disease in postmenopausal women. The Task Force making this recommendation did not address short-term (1-2 years) treatment of symptoms of menopause. The risks with chronic therapy are minimal, but so are the benefits to chronic disease prevention. (LOE = 1a)
Reference U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:855-60.
Study design: Practice guideline
Setting: Various (guideline)
Synopsis The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against the routine use of estrogen/progestin therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women (grade D recommendation; ie, fair evidence that treatment is ineffective or potential harm outweighs potential benefit). The Task Force cites good evidence that hormone replacement reduces risk of fracture and colorectal cancer. Hormone replacement has no beneficial effect on coronary heart disease and may, in fact, increase risk. Other increased risks: breast cancer, venous thromboembolism, stroke, cholecystitis, dementia, and lower cognitive function. However, the risks are small: for every 10,000 women taking hormone replacement for 1 year, there will be 7 more events related to coronary heart disease, 8 more strokes, 8 more pulmonary embolisms, and 8 more cases of breast cancer. There will also be 6 fewer cases of colorectal cancer and 5 fewer hip fractures. Similarly, the Task Force recommends against routine use of unopposed estrogen (grade D recommendation).
21 septiembre, 2008
Statins equivalent for CVD prevention
Are there any differences in outcomes among the major statins?
Bottom Line:
The overall effectiveness of statin therapy on the most important outcomes -- decreasing mortality, heart attacks, and strokes -- is not different among the 3 major statins. These are the results from a meta-analysis; no study has directly compared equivalent doses of 2 statins. (LOE = 1a)
Reference:
Zhou Z, Rahme E, Pilote L. Are statins created equal? Evidence from randomized trials of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin for cardiovascular disease prevention. Am Heart J 2006;151:273-81.
Study Design:
Meta-analysis (randomized controlled trials)
Funding:
Self-funded or unfunded
Setting:
Outpatient (any)
Synopsis:
The researchers conducted this analysis of the research on the benefit of statins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The statins under consideration were pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), and atorvastatin (Lipitor). They authors identified, through a search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases, all randomized controlled trials of at least 1000 participants that evaluated CVD or mortality as an outcome over the course of at least 1 year. The used only English language studies. They took other short cuts in the systematic review process that likely had little effect on their conclusions; they did not perform duplicate searching or data abstraction. They identified 8 studies enrolling almost 64,000 people that compared 1 of the statins with either placebo or usual care. The authors did not include the single study that directly compared 2 statins since the marketing-friendly goal of that study was to compare the intensity of treatment rather than the relative effectiveness of the 2 drugs. All studies showed a similar degree of reduction in lipid levels. There was no difference among the statins in reducing fatal coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarctions, fatal and nonfatal strokes, all cardiovascular deaths, or mortality due to any cause.
Statins equivalent for CVD prevention
Are there any differences in outcomes among the major statins?
Bottom Line:
The overall effectiveness of statin therapy on the most important outcomes -- decreasing mortality, heart attacks, and strokes -- is not different among the 3 major statins. These are the results from a meta-analysis; no study has directly compared equivalent doses of 2 statins. (LOE = 1a)
Reference:
Zhou Z, Rahme E, Pilote L. Are statins created equal? Evidence from randomized trials of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin for cardiovascular disease prevention. Am Heart J 2006;151:273-81.
Study Design:
Meta-analysis (randomized controlled trials)
Funding:
Self-funded or unfunded
Setting:
Outpatient (any)
Synopsis:
The researchers conducted this analysis of the research on the benefit of statins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The statins under consideration were pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), and atorvastatin (Lipitor). They authors identified, through a search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases, all randomized controlled trials of at least 1000 participants that evaluated CVD or mortality as an outcome over the course of at least 1 year. The used only English language studies. They took other short cuts in the systematic review process that likely had little effect on their conclusions; they did not perform duplicate searching or data abstraction. They identified 8 studies enrolling almost 64,000 people that compared 1 of the statins with either placebo or usual care. The authors did not include the single study that directly compared 2 statins since the marketing-friendly goal of that study was to compare the intensity of treatment rather than the relative effectiveness of the 2 drugs. All studies showed a similar degree of reduction in lipid levels. There was no difference among the statins in reducing fatal coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarctions, fatal and nonfatal strokes, all cardiovascular deaths, or mortality due to any cause.
20 septiembre, 2008
ARA II o IECA, lo más caro no es siempre lo mejor.
Fuente: Sinestesia Digital
La revisión : "The effects of angiotensin-receptor blockers on mortality and morbidity in heart failure: a systematic review"afirma que el uso de ARA II solos, o en combinación con IECAs (el famoso doble bloqueo del eje renina-angiotensina) no ha demostrado ningún efecto beneficioso sobre la mortalidadcomparado con IECAs .