Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of coronary artery disease

Source: http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2013/05/27/cmaj.121735

Via: Salud Juntos

Influencia del estilo de vida sobre el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria en las personas con estrés laboral -> Las personas con estrés laboral y una vida sana tienen la mitad de riesgo de enfermedad arterial coronaria, respecto de las que tienen un estilo de vida poco saludable. Un estilo de vida saludable puede reducir el riesgo de enfermedad en las personas con tensión laboral.

CMAJ, 13/05/2013 "Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data".

Antecedentes: No está claro si un estilo de vida saludable reduce los efectos adversos del estrés laboral sobre la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias. Se examinaron las asociaciones de tensión en el trabajo y los factores de riesgo del estilo de vida con el riesgo de enfermedad de las arterias coronarias. Métodos: Se agruparon los datos a nivel individual de 7 estudios de cohortes que comprenden 102.128 hombres y mujeres libres de enfermedad de las arterias coronarias al inicio del estudio (1985-2000). Se utilizaron cuestionarios para medir la tensión laboral (si v no) y 4 factores de riesgo del estilo de vida: tabaquismo, inactividad física, consumo excesivo de alcohol y obesidad. Se agruparon los participantes en 3 categorías: estilo de vida saludable (sin factores de riesgo de estilo de vida), moderadamente saludables (1 factor de riesgo) y no saludables (2-4 factores de riesgo). El resultado primario fue la enfermedad de la arteria coronaria incidente (definida como primer infarto de miocardio no fatal o muerte relacionada con el corazón). Resultados: Hubo 1.086 incidentes de eventos en 743.948 años-persona en riesgo durante un seguimiento medio de 7,3 años. El riesgo de enfermedad arterial coronaria en las personas que no tenían un estilo de vida saludable en comparación con aquellos que tenían un estilo de vida saludable (hazard ratio [HR] fue de 2,55, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC]: 2,18 a 2,98; riesgo poblacional atribuible del 26,4%) fue mayor que el riesgo entre los participantes que tenían tensión laboral en comparación con aquellos que no tenían tensión laboral (HR 1,25, IC del 95%: 1,06 a 1,47; riesgo atribuible poblacional del 3,8%). La incidencia en 10 años de enfermedad coronaria entre los participantes con tensión laboral y de un estilo de vida saludable (14,7 por 1.000) fue un 53% menor que la incidencia entre las personas con la tensión laboral y de un estilo de vida saludable (31,2 por 1.000). Interpretación: El riesgo de enfermedad arterial coronaria fue mayor entre los participantes que informaron estrés laboral y un estilo de vida poco saludables. Las personas con la tensión laboral y una vida sana tenían la mitad de la tasa de enfermedad. Un estilo de vida saludable puede reducir sustancialmente el riesgo de enfermedad en las personas con tensión laboral.

Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data

1. Mika Kivimäki,
2. Solja T. Nyberg,
3. Eleonor I. Fransson,
4. Katriina Heikkilä,
5. Lars Alfredsson,
6. Annalisa Casini,
7. Els Clays,
8. Dirk De Bacquer,
9. Nico Dragano,
10. Jane E. Ferrie,
11. Marcel Goldberg,
12. Mark Hamer,
13. Markus Jokela,
14. Robert Karasek,
15. France Kittel,
16. Anders Knutsson,
17. Markku Koskenvuo,
18. Maria Nordin,
19. Tuula Oksanen,
20. Jaana Pentti,
21. Reiner Rugulies,
22. Paula Salo,
23. Johannes Siegrist,
24. Sakari B. Suominen,
25. Tores Theorell,
26. Jussi Vahtera,
27. Marianna Virtanen,
28. Peter J.M. Westerholm,
29. Hugo Westerlund,
30. Marie Zins,
31. Andrew Steptoe,
32. Archana Singh-Manoux,
33. G. David Batty

+ Author Affiliations

1. From the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kivimäki, Ferrie, Hamer, Steptoe, Singh-Manoux, Batty), University College London, London, UK; the Centre of Expertise for the Development of Work and Organizations (Nyberg, Heikkilä, Oksanen, Pentti, Salo, Vahtera, Virtanen), Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; the School of Health Sciences (Fransson), Jonkoping University, Jonkoping, Sweden; the Institute of Environmental Medicine (Fransson, Alfredsson), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Alfredsson), Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; the Stress Research Institute (Fransson, Theorell, Westerlund), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; the School of Public Health (Casini, Kittel), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; the Department of Public Health (Clays, De Bacquer), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; the Department of Medical Sociology (Dragano, Siegrist), University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany; the School of Community and Social Medicine (Ferrie), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Inserm U1018 (Goldberg, Singh-Manoux, Zins), Institut national de la sante et de la recherche medicale, Villejuif Cedex, France; Versailles–Saint Quentin University (Goldberg, Zins), Versailles, France; the Institute of Behavioral Sciences (Jokela) and the Department of Public Health (Koskenvuo), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Work Environment (Karasek), University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Mass.; the Department of Health Sciences (Knutsson), Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; the Department of Psychology (Nordin), Umea University, Umea, Sweden; the National Research Centre for the Working Environment (Rugulies), Copenhagen, Denmark; the Departments of Public Health and Psychology (Rugulies), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the Department of Psychology (Salo) and the Department of Public Health (Suominen, Vahtera), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; the Folkhälsan Research Center (Suominen), Helsinki, Finland; the Nordic School of Public Health, (Suominen), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Turku University Hospital (Vahtera), Turku, Finland; Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Westerholm), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Batty), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

1. Mika Kivimäki, E-mail m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk

Abstract

Background: It is unclear whether a healthy lifestyle mitigates the adverse effects of job strain on coronary artery disease. We examined the associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with the risk of coronary artery disease.

Methods: We pooled individual-level data from 7 cohort studies comprising 102 128 men and women who were free of existing coronary artery disease at baseline (1985–2000). Questionnaires were used to measure job strain (yes v. no) and 4 lifestyle risk factors: current smoking, physical inactivity, heavy drinking and obesity. We grouped participants into 3 lifestyle categories: healthy (no lifestyle risk factors), moderately unhealthy (1 risk factor) and unhealthy (2–4 risk factors). The primary outcome was incident coronary artery disease (defined as first nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac-related death).

Results: There were 1086 incident events in 743 948 person-years at risk during a mean follow-up of 7.3 years. The risk of coronary artery disease among people who had an unhealthy lifestyle compared with those who had a healthy lifestyle (hazard ratio [HR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.18–2.98; population attributable risk 26.4%) was higher than the risk among participants who had job strain compared with those who had no job strain (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06–1.47; population attributable risk 3.8%). The 10-year incidence of coronary artery disease among participants with job strain and a healthy lifestyle (14.7 per 1000) was 53% lower than the incidence among those with job strain and an unhealthy lifestyle (31.2 per 1000).

Interpretation: The risk of coronary artery disease was highest among participants who reported job strain and an unhealthy lifestyle; those with job strain and a healthy lifestyle had half the rate of disease. A healthy lifestyle may substantially reduce disease risk among people with job strain.

• © Canadian Medical Association

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Framingham risk function overestimates risk of coronary heart disease in men and women from Germany

English: Myocardial infarction ECG (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Full Text

Background

The prediction of the absolute risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is

commonly based on risk prediction equations that originate from the Framingham

Heart Study. However, differences in population risk levels compromise the external

validity of these risk functions.

Setting and study population

Participants aged 35–64 years from the MONICA Augsburg (2861 men and 2925 women) and the PROCAM (5527 men and 3155 women) cohorts were followed-up with regard to incident non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI)and fatal coronary events. For each participant, the predicted absolute risk of fatal plus non-fatal events was derived using Framingham risk equations. Predicted and

actually observed risks were compared.

Results

The two cohorts were similar in their baseline characteristics. Coronary risk

predicted by the Framingham risk function substantially exceeded the risk actually

observed in the German cohorts, irrespective of gender. The difference between

predicted and observed absolute CHD risk increased with age while the ratio of

predicted over observed risk remained constant at about a value of 2. Taking

potentials for underascertainment in the German cohorts due to unrecognised MI and

sudden deaths into account, the residual magnitude of risk overestimation by the

Framingham risk function is probably at least 50%.

Conclusions

Local guidelines for the management of patients with risk factors need to

correct for this overestimation to avoid inadequate initiation of treatment and

inflation of costs in primary prevention. Similar studies should be conducted in other

populations with the aim of defining appropriate factors that calibrate absolute risk

predictions to local population levels of CHD risk.

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Factores de riesgo cardiovascular ¿o más propiamente de cardiopatía isquémica?

Source: Rincon Docente

Nos queda mucho por aprender sobre la verdadera valor de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y cómo su presencia influye en el desarrollo de las diferentes (mucho) enfermedades cardiovasculares. En este mes el European Heart Journal publica un trabajo sueco que se marcó como objetivo examinar el riesgo acumulativo a corto y a largo plazo de enfermedad coronaria y de enfermedad cerebrovascular de forma independiente, en función de la edad, sexo, tabaquismo, presión arterial sistólica, y colesterol total:  Giang et al. Stroke and coronary heart disease: predictive power of standard risk factors into old age long-term cumulative risk study among men in Gothenburg, Sweden

Tras este seguimiento de hasta 35 años de una cohorte de varones sueco sus autores concluyen los siguiente:

La capacidad de predicción de los factores de riesgo tradicionales (presión arterial sistólica, colesterol sérico total y el consumo de tabaco) sobre el riesgo a corto (0 – 10 años) y largo plazo (0 – 35 años) de sufrir una cardiopatía coronaria o un accidente cerebrovascular difiere sustancialmente. El riesgo acumulativo en hombres de mediana edad basado en estos factores de riesgo tradicionales puede utilizarse eficazmente para predecir cardiopatía isquémica  pero no en la misma medida para accidentes cerebrovasculares.

haz click sobre la imagen para ampliar

Una lectura interesante, a pesar de las muchas limitaciones del estudio: una población únicamente de hombres, suecos,  con factores de riesgo muy elevados (tanto en cifras de TA, de colesterol total como de tabaquismo) y un estudio basado en una sola valoración inicial de los factores de riesgo.

Sus autores apuntan a que probablemente la enfermedad cerebrovascular deba tratarse de otra manera, ser separada del concepto general de enfermadad cardiovascular cuando evaluamos modelos de estimación de riesgo para poblaciones de mediana edad. Señalan como la conideración de otros factores de riesgo como la diabetes, la obesidad o la falta de ejercicio puede ser una manera más eficaz para predecir el riesgo a corto plazo y  largo plazo de la enfermedad cerebrovascular, más que centrarse en la presencia de factores de riesgo aislados.

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Preeclampsia as a Risk Factor for Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Belly of a woman in her 34th week of pregnancy. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

See original in PLoS

Background

Women with preeclampsia (PEC) and gestational hypertension (GH) exhibit insulin resistance during pregnancy, independent of obesity and glucose intolerance. Our aim was to determine whether women with PEC or GH during pregnancy have an increased risk of developing diabetes after pregnancy, and whether the presence of PEC/GH in addition to gestational diabetes (GDM) increases the risk of future (postpartum) diabetes.

Methods and Findings

We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study for 1,010,068 pregnant women who delivered in Ontario, Canada between April 1994 and March 2008. Women were categorized as having PEC alone (n = 22,933), GH alone (n = 27,605), GDM alone (n = 30,852), GDM+PEC (n = 1,476), GDM+GH (n = 2,100), or none of these conditions (n = 925,102). Our main outcome was a new diagnosis of diabetes postpartum in the following years, up until March 2011, based on new records in the Ontario Diabetes Database. The incidence rate of diabetes per 1,000 person-years was 6.47 for women with PEC and 5.26 for GH compared with 2.81 in women with neither of these conditions. In the multivariable analysis, both PEC alone (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08; 95% CI 1.97–2.19) and GH alone (HR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.83–2.07) were risk factors for subsequent diabetes. Women with GDM alone were at elevated risk of developing diabetes postpartum (HR = 12.77; 95% CI 12.44–13.10); however, the co–presence of PEC or GH in addition to GDM further elevated this risk (HR = 15.75; 95% CI 14.52–17.07, and HR = 18.49; 95% CI 17.12–19.96, respectively). Data on obesity were not available.

Conclusions

Women with PEC/GH have a 2-fold increased risk of developing diabetes when followed up to 16.5 years after pregnancy, even in the absence of GDM. The presence of PEC/GH in the setting of GDM also raised the risk of diabetes significantly beyond that seen with GDM alone. A history of PEC/GH during pregnancy should alert clinicians to the need for preventative counseling and more vigilant screening for diabetes.

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Azithromycin: risk of potentially fatal heart rhytms

Azithromycin (Zithromax or Zmax): Drug Safety Communication - Risk of Potentially Fatal Heart Rhythms

AUDIENCE: Family Practice, Patient, Pharmacy, Health Professional
ISSUE: FDA is warning the public that azithromycin (Zithromax or Zmax) can cause abnormal changes in the electrical activity of the heart that may lead to a potentially fatal irregular heart rhythm. Patients at particular risk for developing this condition include those with known risk factors such as existing QT interval prolongation, low blood levels of potassium or magnesium, a slower than normal heart rate, or use of certain drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias.  FDA has issued a Drug Safety Communication today as a result of our review of a study by medical researchers as well as another study by a manufacturer of the drug that assessed the potential for azithromycin to cause abnormal changes in the electrical activity of the heart.
FDA previously released a Statement on May 17, 2012, about a study that compared the risks of cardiovascular death in patients treated with the antibacterial drugs azithromycin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and levofloxacin (Levaquin), or no antibacterial drug. The study reported an increase in cardiovascular deaths, and in the risk of death from any cause, in persons treated with a 5-day course of azithromycin (Zithromax) compared to persons treated with amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, or no drug. The risks of cardiovascular death associated with levofloxacin treatment were similar to those associated with azithromycin treatment.
BACKGROUND: Azithromycin is marketed under the brand names Zithromax and Zmax. Change to “FDA-approved indications for azithromycin include: acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute bacterial sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, urethritis and cervicitis, genital ulcer disease
RECOMMENDATION: Health care professionals should consider the risk of torsades de pointes and fatal heart rhythms with azithromycin when considering treatment options for patients who are already at risk for cardiovascular events.  FDA notes that the potential risk of QT prolongation with azithromycin should be placed in appropriate context when choosing an antibacterial drug: Alternative drugs in the macrolide class, or non-macrolides such as the fluoroquinolones, also have the potential for QT prolongation or other significant side effects that should be considered when choosing an antibacterial drug.

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