31 mayo, 2013

Diabetic Patients with Uncontrolled Blood Pressure

Eve A. Kerr, MD, MPH; Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher, PhD; Mandi L. Klamerus, MPH; Usha Subramanian, MD, MS; Mary M. Hogan, PhD, RN; and Timothy P. Hofer, MD, MS
Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(10):717-727. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00004
Editors' Notes

Context


Contribution


  • This study involved 1169 diabetic patients seen by 92 primary care providers at 9 Veterans Affairs facilities. All had elevated triage blood pressures, but only half received antihypertensive treatment intensification by providers. Patient reports of home blood pressures or repeated blood pressures by providers within normal limits and discussion of medication issues decreased the likelihood of antihypertensive intensification at clinic visits.
Implication


  • Uncertainty about true blood pressure values may underlie many reasons why physicians do not intensify antihypertensive therapy.

—The Editors


Despite some recent improvements in blood pressure control, the number of patients with inadequate control remains high and contributes to excess morbidity and mortality, especially among patients at high risk from complications of hypertension (1 - 8). Several studies have suggested that “clinical inertia”—the failure by providers to initiate or intensify therapy (medication intensification) in the face of apparent need to do so—is a main contributor to poor control of hypertension (9 - 12).



Although the failure to intensify treatment medications for patients with elevated blood pressures at visits has been well documented ((5 - 6), (12 - 18)), factors underlying what seems to be clinical inertia have been studied less systematically. When providers are queried after clinic visits about the lack of medication intensification for elevated blood pressure, they variously report that the patient's “true” blood pressure was lower than the clinic blood pressure reading, that other patient concerns precluded attention on blood pressure management, and that patient adherence should be improved before medication intensification ((6), (17)). Some studies have examined the role of various clinical and patient factors in intensification decisions ((6), (8), (17), (19 - 20)), but no study has used a detailed conceptual model to comprehensively examine the relative contribution of a broad array of potential patient, provider, organizational, and visit-specific contributors to a medication intensification decision. In addition, although a frequently cited reason for deferring medication changes is that the clinic blood pressure does not reflect the patient's “true” blood pressure (21 - 22), this clinical uncertainty and its effects have not been explored.



To better understand factors underlying apparent clinical inertia for hypertension, we designed the ABATe (Addressing Barriers to Treatment for Hypertension) study to examine treatment change decisions for diabetic primary care patients with elevated triage blood pressures before a primary care visit. We defined elevated blood pressure for this population to be 140/90 mm Hg, a value well above guideline targets for diabetic patients and one clearly requiring some type of action (4). Our goals were to assess how often patients presenting with an elevated triage blood pressure received medication intensification or were scheduled for close follow-up and the role that clinical uncertainty about blood pressure, competing demands and prioritization, medication-related factors, and care organization play in treatment change decisions.
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